How The Earth Was Made

The discovery of the Marianas trench was one of the first puzzle pieces that lead to the understanding of the most massive process that shapes the geology of the Earth.

The unique geological conditions that make Krakatoa and it's successor, Anak Krakatau, extraordinarily explosive and, despite its remoteness, dangerous are explained.

The Great Lakes region provided geologists with much of the evidence for the frequent ice ages that visited North America. But the lakes may be a rather transient feature of the continent dependent upon the recurring ice ages to maintain their existence.

The evidence, structure, history and potential threat of the Yellowstone super volcano are described.

The discovery of the San Andreas Fault and efforts to understand it are described.

Scientists searching for evidence of past tsunamis to predict when they are likely to recur and how severe they are likely to be uncover a new phenomenon, the mega-tsunami.

Most major geological processes require millions of year to become noticeable. Meteor impacts are exceptions which can cause comparable changes in seconds.

The Alps are known as the majestic mountain range of Europe. But their formation from a collision between Europe and Africa left an unstable structure that is now a classic study in erosion by rivers of water, ice and rock suggesting an even greater former glory.

Chile's Atacama Desert is the driest, oldest and deadest desert on earth. Yet it's plays host to living creatures and penguins even thrive nearby. It may provide clues to where to look for life on other, seemingly barren, planets.

The Hawaiian Islands are a study in contradictions. The fastest growing islands on earth are also the fastest disappearing. Made of one of the hardest minerals. The world's most active volcano is nowhere near the typical volcanic regions.

The confluence of two geological forces created and continues to build the island of Iceland. They also keep the geology active with global implications. For now the massive, but retreating, glaciers are keeping the glaciers in check.

The geological history of New York City is as superlative as it's current economic impact including; a titanic mountain rage, massive volcanic eruptions, immense glaciers and an enormous flash flood.